This article presents the view expressed in contemporary scientific literature on the evolution of definitions, diagnostic approaches and risk stratification for suddenly occurred life-threatening conditions accompanied by cardiorespiratory disorders in children of the first year of life. The term “brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE)” has replaced the terms “apparent life-threatening event” and “aborted sudden infant death syndrome”. The provided information is derived from clinical guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Italian Society of Pediatrics dealing with the above clinical conditions. The authors’ view is focused on the life-threatening situations and risk stratification for adverse outcome. The criteria for classifying infants’ condition as a low risk of life-threatening condition following the occurred event are provided. The authors’ collective invites the national pediatric community for a discussion on the issue of a life-threatening nature of BRUE among children of the first year of life in order to build a strategic action plan dealing with the necessity of hospitalization and scope of diagnostic insight into the cause of the event.

Over the past decade, an increase in the survival rate of children born with low birth weight, very low birth weight, and extremely low birth weight has been observed in Russian Federation, which is due to transition to new live birth criteria. Premature infants are exposed to a number of adverse factors that have a negative impact on the development of organs and systems, which, in turn, can lead to the occurrence of acute and chronic diseases in various age periods. Therefore, neonatologists and pediatricians are dealing with a new cohort of small children who have particular features of physical and neuropsychological development which may lead to severe debilitating diseases. This review article surveys previous studies evaluating the echographic characteristics of structural and functional development of the urinary, cardiovascular and endocrine systems as a function of body weight at birth and gestational age, and in different age periods.

Background. Noise pollution is a burden exerting a harmful and irritating effect on human health. Children are particularly sensitive to noise burden. In this connection, it is especially important to control the noise pollution level in public education organizations where children spend significant time. Objective. The study is aimed at determining objective and subjective parameters of noise pollution in public education organizations based on the analysis of data obtained by measuring noise levels in school campuses in Saransk and directly in classrooms, as well as by questioning the teachers of these schools. Methods. The measurement of noise burden was carried out in 10 schools using the noise and vibration level meter “Assistant” with class I accuracy. Noise measurements in school campuses and classrooms were performed in accordance with the GOST 23337-2014 requirements. Assessment of results was conducted in accordance with sanitary standards 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 “Noise in the workplace, residential and public buildings and housing developments”. Results. Based on noise measurement results, the highest noise levels were found in school № 2 (65.5 dBА on the campus, 51.2 dBA in the classroom) which is located in the center of a traffic interchange. The lowest noise parameters were found in school № 35 (45.2 dBА on the campus, 37.7 dBА in the classroom) which is located in the residential quarter quite far away (242-321 m) from the main source of noise, the motorway. Conclusion. Study results attest that maximum noise levels at school campuses do not exceed the permissible exposure limit of 70 dBA. In all schools noise values conform to the noise standards (maximum sound pressure level in classrooms did not exceed 55 dBA).

Background. Children with CAKUT-syndrome (congenital malformations of the urinary tract) quickly develop an inflammatory process, which, in combination with dysplasia and/or urodynamic disorders, creates a high risk of developing early chronic renal failure. Purpose of the study: to identify the main factors of the formation, features of the clinical course of nephropathies, morphometric parameters and features of the organ blood flow of the kidneys in young children against the background of CAKUT syndrome. Methods. Study design: It carried out a cohort prospective study. The main group included 26 children with pyelonephritis against the background of CAKUT syndrome at the age from zero to 36 months of life, the comparison group consisted of 29 children with non-obstructive pyelonephritis of the same age. It carried out a comparative analysis of antenatal and postnatal anamnesis, clinical, laboratory and instrumental data in the considered groups of children with nephro-urological pathology. Additionally, it researches the morphometric parameters of the kidneys and the Doppler indices of the renal vessels. The research conducted during 2016–2018. Results. In children with a chronic course of nephropathy in combination with CAKUT-syndrome, possible predictors of an early onset of the disease are: anemia, damage to the urinary tract with pathological urinary syndrome during pregnancy and a combination with defects of this system in the woman herself, and the development of placental insufficiency. In the group with CAKUT syndrome, a decrease in renal filtration function (in 88.5% of children) and persistent trace proteinuria (in 65.4% of children) are recorded by the end of the first year of life. According to ultrasound, in addition to signs of obstructive nephropathy, it recorded decreases in the thickness of the parenchyma and a violation of organ hemodynamics with an increase in the resistance index. In the observed group of children, CAKUT syndrome combined in 100% of cases with connective tissue dysplasia syndrome also. Conclusion. Thus, CAKUT syndrome leads to early realization of nephropathies in children with a rapid decline in renal function.

Background. The topicality of this work lies in that benign or malignant cardiac tumors are a fairly rare pathology. In children this pathology is represented by benign neoplasms, of which rhabdomyosarcoma accounts for 39.3-58.6% of all cardiac tumors, fibromyosarcoma — for 19%, and other types of cardiac tumors are rarely found. Small-sized rhabdomyosarcoma may undergo spontaneous regression. The most common method of cardiac tumor diagnosis is echocardiography (Echo-CG). Case description. Newborn К., carried to full-term. Heart auscultation had revealed an abnormal systolic murmur. Emergency Echo-CG revealed a voluminous mass of a dual structure, one part of which was located in the interventricular septum (IVS) and the other — in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). This pathology was not found during the prenatal period. The infant was consulted at the Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery (RC CVS) in Penza where a dynamic follow-up was recommended. Conclusion. This case attests to that the clinical picture of abnormal cardiac masses is nonspecific and requires close medical attention of a neonatologist and a cardiologist, as well as the ultrasound screening during dynamic follow-up of pregnant women.

Background. This review article surveys literature data on the methods of timely diagnosis and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) in newborn infants. In recent years CMVI has become a subject of numerous global-scale studies. Such increased interest in CMVI is due to the fact that the consequences of congenital CMVI have a social impact. Description of clinical case. A clinical case of congenital manifest cytomegalovirus infection is described. The infant was diagnosed with CMVI on the 10th day of life. Complex therapy was prescribed in accordance with the protocol of management of congenital CMVI which led to positive dynamics. Conclusion. By today, an algorithm for detection and treatment of CMVI which brings positive results has been worked out. However, it is essential to keep in mind the long-term sequelae of CMVI and devote close attention to dispensary follow-up of such patients.