Background. Castleman’s disease (CD) in children is represented, as a rule, by a local form and a hyaline-vascular morphological variant. The choice of therapeutic options is difficult due to the lack of uniform treatment standards. Given the benign course, cytostatic therapy is not used. The choice of treatment method for patients with CD in most cases is determined by the prevalence of the process. In case of local form of CD, surgical treatment is carried out in the scope of radical removal of the affected lymph nodes; if surgical treatment is ineffective, radiation therapy is considered. Clinical observations description. In 2011–2024 it was observed 9 patients aged 1 to 17 years with morphologically verified unicentric CD. All patients underwent incisional biopsy; the hyaline-vascular variant was detected in 6 patients, and the plasma cell variant — in 3 patients. The duration of the medical history was 2–56 months. Relapse of the disease after primary surgical treatment occurred in a single case. Conclusion. Lymphadenopathy and various types of lymphoid hyperplasia are traditionally difficult in differential diagnosis in the practical work of a pediatrician, since it can be manifestations of a wide range of infectious, inflammatory, immune and malignant diseases. A special place in the large list of pathologies accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes is occupied by rare diseases, which include CD. For timely and correct CD diagnosis it is necessary to analyze the anamnesis, use an instrumental method for disease dissemination study and necessary a morphologic verification.

Background. The most common cause of respiratory disorders (RD) in the first hours after birth in children older than 35 weeks of gestation are transient tachypnea of the newborns (TTN) and early neonatal infection, in particular, congenital pneumonia (CP). However, in the first 4 hours of life, there are no reliable methods for diagnosing these diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound (US) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of the lungs for the differential diagnosis of TTN and CP in children older than 35 weeks of gestation. Methods. A prospective single-center cohort study based on the Yekaterinburg Clinical Perinatal Center. Newborns older than 35 weeks of gestation with the development of RD in the first 4 hours of life were included, the sample size was 200 children. Upon admission to NICU, he performed studies: US and NIRS of the lungs on the lateral and posterior surfaces of the chest on both sides. A comparative analysis of the score of lung US and NIRS indicators in patients with TTN and CP was carried out. Results. During the study and subsequent analysis of the results, it was revealed that the studied methods for the differential diagnosis of TTN and CP have sensitivity and specificity, respectively: only US of the lungs 75.9% and 57.0%; only lung NIRS 77.6% and 74.6%; US and lung NIRS 86.2% and 84.5% together, the area under the curve 0.898, 95% CI 0.854–0.943, р < 0,001. There is also evidence that the pattern of consolidation in the lungs is significantly more often recorded by US at VP (р < 0,001). Conclusion. The study showed that the combined usage of US and lung NIRS has high sensitivity and specificity for the differential diagnosis of TTN and CP and is a promising method for early diagnosis of these diseases.