<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rospedj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский педиатрический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Pediatric Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-0843</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/rpj.v1i2.2091</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rospedj-47</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Рентгеннегативная пневмония у детей раннего возраста — реальный феномен или диагностическая ошибка?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pneumonia with negative chest radiography in early childhood: is it a real phenomenon or diagnostic error?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-5909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царькова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsarkova</surname><given-names>Sofya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Царькова Софья Анатольевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой поликлинической педиатрии и педиатрии факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки</p><p>620028, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tsarkova_ugma@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-9512</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдуллаев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdullaev</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>620014, Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-1132</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суровцева</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Surovceva</surname><given-names>Darya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>620014, Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-5580</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Помазкина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pomazkina</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>620014, Ekaterinburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России;&#13;
МАУ «Детская городская клиническая больница № 11»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «Ural State Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
Municipal Autonomous Institution «Children’s City Clinical Hospital No. 11»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «Ural State Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Царькова С.А., Абдуллаев А.Н., Суровцева Д.А., Помазкина А.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Царькова С.А., Абдуллаев А.Н., Суровцева Д.А., Помазкина А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsarkova S.A., Abdullaev A.N., Surovceva D.A., Pomazkina A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rospedj.ru/jour/article/view/47">https://www.rospedj.ru/jour/article/view/47</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. Существование рентгеннегативной внебольничной пневмонии (РНВП) как клинического феномена до настоящего времени спорный вопрос. Считается, что подобный феномен может отмечаться при дегидратации, нейтропении, пониженном иммунном ответе. Высока вероятность диагностической ошибки с возможностью нерационального использования антимикробных препаратов.</p><p>Цель исследования — установить обоснованность диагноза рентгеннегативной пневмонии у детей на основании сравнительной оценки клинико-лабораторных критериев при положительных и отрицательных результатах рентгенодиагностики заболевания.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Проведено одномоментное исследование, работа с медицинской документацией, отобранной методом сплошной выборки, дети с РНВП в сравнении с детьми, у которых пневмония была рентгенологически подтверждена. В группах оценивались сравнительные данные анамнеза, клинической картины, параклинических исследований.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Проанализировано 35 историй болезни (средний возраст 1,7 ± 0,2 года) — 17 пациентов в 1-й группе (РНВП), 18 детей во 2-й (рентгенпозитивная пневмония). По большинству клинико-лабораторных признаков РНВП у детей раннего возраста не отличается от рентгенологически подтвержденной пневмонии. Установлены достоверные отличия по респираторным симптомам в группе детей с РНВП: экспираторная одышка — 35,29%, не наблюдавшаяся в группе сравнения (p &lt; 0,05), ЧД — 33 ± 7,2/мин против 28 ± 7,3/ мин в группе сравнения (p &lt; 0,05), аускультативная картина с преобладанием ослабленного дыхания справа. В общем анализе крови гранулоциты — 70 ± 12,6% в 1-й группе против 62,9 ± 16,8% во 2-й группе (p &lt; 0,05). Сочетание большинства классических симптомов внебольничной пневмонии встречалось редко в обеих группах (5,9% в 1-й группе и 11,1% во 2-й).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Особенности РНВП не позволили с уверенностью высказаться в пользу или против диагноза внебольничной пневмонии (ВП) в группах. Актуально проведение проспективных исследований с определением этиологии, использованием лучевой и УЗ-диагностики и анализом клинико-лабораторных особенностей ВП. Без идентификации инфильтративных изменений на рентгенограмме постановка диагноза ВП является проблематичной.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The existence of community-acquired pneumonia with negative chest radiography (CAPNR) as a clinical phenomenon remains disputable until now. This phenomenon is deemed to occur in subjects with dehydration, neutropenia, diminished immune response. In case of CAPNR the possibility of diagnostic error and ensuing irrational use of antimicrobial drugs is fairly high.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. The study aimed at establishing the validity of diagnosis of pneumonia with negative chest radiography in children, using a comparative evaluation of clinical and laboratory criteria amid positive and negative results of radiological diagnosis of pneumonia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. A one-time study was conducted which included analysis of medical documents selected by continuous sampling method, and comparison of children with CAPNR versus children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia. The comparison was based on analysis of medical histories, clinical pictures and results of paraclinical investigations.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A total of 35 medical histories have been analyzed (mean age of patients – 1.7 ± 0.2 years), of which 17 children were assigned to group 1 (CAPNR group) and 18 children to group 2 (pneumonia with positive radiography). Most clinical and laboratory signs in early childhood were similar for children with CAPNR and children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Veritable differences in terms of respiratory symptoms have been found for children with CAPNR, namely, expiratory dyspnea in 35.29% of children with CAPNR versus none in the comparator group (p &lt; 0.05), respiratory rate (RR) — 33 ± 7.2/min versus 28 ± 7.3/ min in the comparator group (p &lt; 0.05), and auscultatory findings showing predominantly diminished breath sounds on the right-hand side. Complete blood count showed differences in granulocyte counts — 70 ± 12.6% in the CAPNR group versus 62.9 ± 16.8% in the comparator group (p &lt; 0.05). A combination of the majority of classical symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia has been rarely observed in either group (5.9% and 11.1%, respectively).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Particular features of the CAPNR did not allow us to speak out with confidence in favor or against the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patient groups. The conduct of prospective studies looking into the etiology of pneumonia, using radiologic and ultrasound diagnosis and analyzing clinical and laboratory particulars of CAP would be a worthwhile undertaking. Without radiographic identification of infiltrative changes the diagnosis of CAP remains problematic.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внебольничная пневмония</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>рентгенография</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>community-acquired pneumonia</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>radiography</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Внебольничная пневмония у детей. Клинические рекомендации / под ред. А. Г. Чучалина, Н. А. Геппе, Н. Н. Розиновой. — М.: Оригинал-макет, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vnebol'nichnaya pnevmoniya u detey. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Ed. by A. G. Chuchalin, N. A. Geppe, N. N. Rozinova/ Moscow: Original-maket; 2015. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Внебольничная пневмония у детей. Клинические рекомендации / под ред. С. А. Царьковой. Екатеринбург: УГМУ, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vnebol’nichnaya pnevmoniya u detey. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Ed by S. A. Tsar’kova. Ekaterinburg: UGMU; 2015. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makhnevich A., Sinvani L., Cohen S. L., et al. The Clinical Utility of Chest Radiography for Identifying Pneumonia: Accounting for Diagnostic Uncertainty in Radiology Reports. Am J Roentgenol. 2019;213(6):1207–1212. doi: 10.2214/AJR.19.21521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makhnevich A., Sinvani L., Cohen S. L., et al. The Clinical Utility of Chest Radiography for Identifying Pneumonia: Accounting for Diagnostic Uncertainty in Radiology Reports. Am J Roentgenol. 2019;213(6):1207–1212. doi: 10.2214/AJR.19.21521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сафонов Д.В., Дианова Т. И., Родионов В. А., Герасимова Л. А. Рентген-ультразвуковые сопоставления и динамический эхографический контроль при пневмониях у детей // Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. — 2014.— № 104. — С. 1591– 1605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safonov D. V., Dianova T. I., Rodionov V. A., Gerasimova L. A. X-ray ultrasound comparisons and dynamic ultrasound monitoring for pneumonia in children. Politematicheskiy setevoy elektronnyy nauchnyy zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2014;104:1591–1605. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipsett S.C., Monuteaux M. C., Bachur R. G. et al. Negative Chest Radiography and Risk of Pneumonia. Pediatrics. 2018;142(3): e20180236. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018–0236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipsett S.C., Monuteaux M. C., Bachur R. G. et al. Negative Chest Radiography and Risk of Pneumonia. Pediatrics. 2018;142(3): e20180236. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018–0236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пикуза О.И., Самороднова, Е. А. Современные особенности внебольничных пневмоний у детей раннего возраста // Практическая медицина. — 2013. — Т. 6, № 75. — С. 35–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pikuza O. I., Samorodnova EA. Modern features of communityacquired pneumonia in young children. Prakticheskaya meditsina. 2013;6(75):35–41. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basi S.K., Marrie T. J., Huang J. R., et al. Patients admitted to hospital with suspected pneumonia and normal chest radiographs: Epidemiology, microbiology, and outcomes. Am J Med. 2004;117(5):305–311. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basi S.K., Marrie T. J., Huang J. R., et al. Patients admitted to hospital with suspected pneumonia and normal chest radiographs: Epidemiology, microbiology, and outcomes. Am J Med. 2004;117(5):305–311. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hagaman J.T., Rouan G. W., Shipley R. T., et al. Admission chest radiograph lacks sensitivity in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med Sci. 2009;337(4):236–240. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31818ad805.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hagaman J.T., Rouan G. W., Shipley R. T., et al. Admission chest radiograph lacks sensitivity in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med Sci. 2009;337(4):236–240. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31818ad805.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Self W.H., Courtney D. M., McNaughton C.D., et al. High discordance of chest x-ray and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary opacities in ED patients: implications for diagnosing pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(2):401–405. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.08.041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Self W.H., Courtney D. M., McNaughton C.D., et al. High discordance of chest x-ray and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary opacities in ED patients: implications for diagnosing pneumonia. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(2):401–405. doi: 10.1016/j. ajem.2012.08.041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Syrjälä H., Broas M., Suramo I., et al. High-resolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;(2):358–363. doi: 10.1086/514675.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syrjälä H., Broas M., Suramo I., et al. High-resolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;(2):358–363. doi: 10.1086/514675.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitazawa T., Yoshihara H., Seo K., et al. Characteristics of pneumonia with negative chest radiography in cases confirmed by computed tomography. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2020;10(1):19–24. doi:10.1080/20009666.2020.1711639.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitazawa T., Yoshihara H., Seo K., et al. Characteristics of pneumonia with negative chest radiography in cases confirmed by computed tomography. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2020;10(1):19–24. doi:10.1080/20009666.2020.1711639.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berce V., Tomazin M., Gorenjak M., et al. The Usefulness of Lung Ultrasound for the Aetiological Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):17957. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54499-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berce V., Tomazin M., Gorenjak M., et al. The Usefulness of Lung Ultrasound for the Aetiological Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):17957. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54499-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balk D.S., Lee C., Schafer J., et al. Lung ultrasound compared to chest X-ray for diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(8):1130–1139. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balk D.S., Lee C., Schafer J., et al. Lung ultrasound compared to chest X-ray for diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia: A meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(8):1130–1139. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Principi N., Esposito A., Giannitto C., Esposito S. Lung ultrasonography to diagnose community-acquired pneumonia in children. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):212. doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0561-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Principi N., Esposito A., Giannitto C., Esposito S. Lung ultrasonography to diagnose community-acquired pneumonia in children. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):212. doi: 10.1186/s12890-017-0561-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmerman D.R., Kovalski N., Fields S., et al. Diagnosis of childhood pneumonia: clinical assessment without radiological confirmation may lead to overtreatment. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(7):646–649. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31825cfd53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmerman D.R., Kovalski N., Fields S., et al. Diagnosis of childhood pneumonia: clinical assessment without radiological confirmation may lead to overtreatment. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(7):646–649. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31825cfd53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah S.N., Bachur R. G., Simel D. L., Neuman M. I. Does This Child Have Pneumonia? The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review. JAMA. 2017;318(5):462–471. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.9039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah S.N., Bachur R. G., Simel D. L., Neuman M. I. Does This Child Have Pneumonia? The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review. JAMA. 2017;318(5):462–471. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.9039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuman M.I., Scully K. J., Kim D., et al. Physician assessment of the likelihood of pneumonia in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26(11):817–822. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181fb0d95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuman M.I., Scully K. J., Kim D., et al. Physician assessment of the likelihood of pneumonia in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26(11):817–822. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181fb0d95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown J. S. Community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Med (Lond). 2012;12(6):538–543. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-6-538.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown J. S. Community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Med (Lond). 2012;12(6):538–543. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-6-538.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nelson K.A., Morrow C., Wingerter S. L., et al. Impact of Chest Radiography on Antibiotic Treatment for Children With Suspected Pneumonia. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016;32(8):514–519. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000868.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nelson K.A., Morrow C., Wingerter S. L., et al. Impact of Chest Radiography on Antibiotic Treatment for Children With Suspected Pneumonia. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016;32(8):514–519. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000868.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
